As Alexander never crossed the Beas river, so his territory probably lied in Punjab region. There was general agreement that Shah Zamans army should be allowed to enter the Punjab and that the Sikhs should retire to the hills. Mahmud put out Zaman`s eyes and turned him out of Kabul. (Bikramjit Hasrat, Life and times of Ranjit Singh, p.36). Ranjit Singh collected his men and faced Shahs forces about eight kilometres from Amritsar. He came to Hasan Abdal from which he sent an army of 7000 cavalry under Ahmad Shah Shahnachi but the Sikhs routed them. In 977 AD, the Turkic ruler Sabuktigin acceded to the throne of the small kingdom of Ghazni in central Afghanistan. WebAll About Sikhs: Punjab. The British prevailed in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and under the Treaty of Lahore in 1849, the Punjab was annexed by the British East India Company, and Dhalip Singh was pensioned off. He agreed. Sudas was supported by the Vedic Rishi Vasishtha, while his former Purohita, the Rishi Viswamitra, sided with the confederation of ten tribes. Two of his successor maharajas were assassinated by 1843. "Arghun." Davies, C. Collin. [39] When the armies of Alexander crossed Indus in its eastward migration, probably in Udabhandapura, he was greeted by the-then ruler of Taxila, Omphis. Some accounts describe it as an oppressively hot day. [39] Alexander later founded two citiesNicaea at the site of victory and Bucephalous at the battle-ground, in memory of his horse, who died soon after the battle. Some controversial decisions of the Radcliffe boundary commissions exacerbated the crisis. Another factor is reported to have been a series of migrations by the Aryans from the northwest (roughly 1700-1500 BCE, see Indo-Iranians). They begged Singh to liberate Lahore as soon as possible. Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin, its two parts (, panj, 'five' and , b, 'water') are cognates of the Sanskrit words, , paca, 'five' and , p, 'water', of the same meaning. Mahmuds successors, known as the Ghaznavids, ruled for 157 years. The Imperial government exercised control over the finances of Punjab and took the majority of the income for itself. Hecataeus (500 BCE) and Herodotus (483-431 BCE) also wrote about the Indian Satrapy of the Persians. [48] The Greek army thereafter started killing civilians and animals and whatever came in their way to take revenge of their injured leader. The Bhangi Sardars, Lehna Singh, and Sobha Singh were driven out of Lahore in 1767 by the Abdali, but soon reoccupied it. [39] The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. Panini was a famous ancient Sanskrit grammarian born in Shaltura, identified with modern Lahur in the North-west frontier province of Pakistan. In Punjab, instead of religion, the Akalis launched the Punjabi Suba movement aimed at creation of a Punjabi-majority subah ("province") in the erstwhile East Punjab state of India in the 1950s.In 1966, it resulted in the formation of the Punjabi speaking -majority Punjab state, the Haryanvi-Hindi-majority Haryana state and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. [126][127] After the accession of Khizr Khan, the Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Sindh were reunited under the Delhi Sultanate, where he spent his time subduing rebellions. Web126 pages Explore Wiki Content Community in: Characters, Males Shah Zaman Edit Shah Zaman or Schazzenan is the Sultan of Samarkand, sometimes called Samarcande and brother of Shahryr. [148] Muslims from Punjab who rose to nobility during the Mughal Era include Wazir Khan,[159] Adina Beg Arain,[160] and Shahbaz Khan Kamboh. In the early 1980s, a small group of Sikh fundamentalists sought the Punjabi state to be made independent of India. She said that an Afghani soldier was no match for a Sikh soldier. The Banu Munnabih later gave allegiance to the Abbasids, and remained unchallenged for over a century. [93][pageneeded] Abu Ishaq Ibrahim was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas. Later, Menander I Soter conquered Punjab and made Sagala (present-day Sialkot) the capital of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. In 1580 the Punjab was divided into two provinces, Subah of Lahore and Subah of Multan. Factors in the Indus valley civilizations decline possibly included a change in weather patterns and unsustainable urbanization (i.e., without any rural agricultural production base). * Political History of Ancient India, 1996, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee. [123] He held Lahore, Dipalpur, Multan and Upper Sindh. [52] He then defeated the Nanda rulers in Pataliputra to capture the throne. Shah Zaman wanted to attack and invade India to stop influence of the British an d to Punjab) and other areas of south India in 1795. Heads of Misals, though bound to give protection to the people as they were collecting Rakhi tax from them, were the first to leave the people in lurch. [181] By 1864 this had resulted in a situation whereby all grants-in-aid to higher education schools and colleges were received by institutions under European management, and no indigenous owned schools received government help. [179], In 1862, the first section of railway in the Punjab was constructed between Lahore and Amritsar, and Lahore Junction railway station opened. Here too, it was the Muslims who suffered the most. Bbur, (Persian: Tiger) also spelled Bbar or Bber, original name ahr al-Dn Muammad, (born February 15, 1483, principality of Fergana [now in Uzbekistan]died December 26, 1530, Agra [India]), emperor (152630) and [34] Sudas had earlier defeated Samvaran and ousted him from Hastinapur. Muin Khan, Governor of the Punjab, resisted the advance of Abdali and asked for reinforcements. [89], The Chinese monk Xuanzang visited in 630 AD and described a large and prosperous kingdom, Taank Kingdom in Punjab. Ahmed Shah Abdali UPSC. Taimur Khan, a local Governor, was able to expel the Sikhs from Amritsar and raze the fort of Ram Rauni. Led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, a young priest, small bands of militants began attacking not only policemen and government officials, but Hindu civilians and Sikhs who opposed their views. When worse came to worst, even the Ashvakayan women took up arms and joined their menfolk on the field, thus preferring "a glorious death to a life of dishonor" (Diodorus in Mcgrindle, p 370). B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative. Shah Zaman, who made four attempts to conquer India, was overthrown by the Barakzais who installed Mahmud in his place. The extended empire was difficult to retain, and rebellions all over Indian subcontinent became routine. [180], In 1854, the Punjab education department was instituted with a policy to provide secular education in all government managed institutions. Under Ranjit Singhs outstanding leadership, his empire continued to flourish in the Punjab region. In 712 the Umayyads conquered Sindh and Southern Punjab up to Multan, and Islam emerged as a major power in the southern Punjab. This was agreed. In October 1984, just two months after Bluestar, Indira Gandhis own two Sikh bodyguards murdered her. After the third invasion, he had decisively defeated Zamah Shah. In 326 BCE, most of the dozen-odd political units of the former Gandhara/Kamboja Mahajanapadas were conquered by the Macedonian conquerer. ShahamatAli, The Sikhs and Afghans [Reprint], Patiala, 19703. The great city of Lahore is the cultural, educational and sports capital of Pakistan; its second-largest city, though hailed in importance greater than the capital Islamabad or the commercial and population center, Karachi, owing to its spiritual importance to Punjabi Pakistanis. Ahmad Shah Durrani | History, Empire, & Accomplishments Timur, who ruled a Central Asian empire from Samarkand, sacked Delhi in 1398-1399, and reduced the Sultanate to a small kingdom surrounding Delhi. A notable account was that of the Greek ambassador Megasthenes who had visited the Mauryan capital of Pataliputra. His first attempt to conquer India brought him as far as Hasan Abdal; he had to return to Afghanistan to put down a revolt by his brother, Mahmud. WebSikh warriors in1797 when zaman shah coming to attack to Punjab ..#ankhipunjab #warispunjabde #sikh #sikhim #waheguru * History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Dr Fauja Singh, Dr L. M. Joshi (Ed). Chet Singh was left to either to fight to defend the town or flee. [39][40] Porus refused to surrender and wandered about atop an elephant, until he was wounded and his force routed.[39]. McEvilley, p. 377. [175] Unable to placate their traditional support base with benefits from the colonial administration, they suffered a loss of authority which led to their disastrous performance at the 1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election and a breakdown in inter-communal cooperation at a political level. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 occurred in Amritsar. 500,000 Years: Pre-historic and Proto-historic existence of early mankind, 2500 700 BCE: Rigvedic Aryan Civilization, 550 BCE 600 CE: Budhism remained prevalent, 550 515 BCE: Persian Invasion to west of Indus River, 322 298 BCE: Chandra Gupta Maurya Period, 125 160 BCE: Rise of the Sakas (Scythians known as Jat ancestors), 713 1300 CE: Muslim Invaders (Turks and Arabs) famous invaders like Mahmud Gori and Mahmud Ghazni, 8th Century CE: Arabs capture Sind and Multan, 1469 1539 CE: Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1st Sikh Guru), 1539 1675 CE: Period of 8 Sikh Gurus from Guru Angad Dev Ji to Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, 1675 1708 CE: Guru Gobind Singh Ji (10th Sikh Guru), 1708 1715 CE: Conquests of Banda Bahadur, 1716 1759 CE: Sikh struggle against Moghul Governors, 1748 -1769 CE: Ahmed Shah Abdalis nine invasions, 1762 CE: 2nd Holocaust (Ghalughara) from Ahmed Shahs 6th invasion, 1799 1839 CE: Rule by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1947 CE: Partition of India thus Punjab into 2 parts the Eastern part became the Indian Punjab and the Western part the Pakistan Punjab, 1966 CE: Punjab in India divided into 3 parts on Linguistic basis, (Haryana, Himachal and Punjabi suba the present Punjab), 1984 CE: Operation Blue Star and its aftermath. The population transfer took place on frightening levels, leaving a small number of Muslims in East, Indian Punjab, and some miserly numbers of Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistani Punjab. At a region called the Assal Uttar (Real North), thousands of Pakistani and Indian tanks fought terrifying battles. Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the eastern side of Attock were under Maratha rule. While Ahmed Shah Abdali was engaged in a campaign against the Marathas at Panipat in 1761, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia plundered Sirhind and Dialpur, seized towns in the Ferozepur district, and took possession of Jagraon and Kot Isa Khan on the opposite bank of the Sutlej. The first time Ahmad Shah invaded Hindustan, the Mughal imperial army checked his advance successfully. [166], In 1758 the Maratha Empire's general Raghunathrao attacked and conquered Lahore and Attock driving out Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, in the process. [106] Alauddin's army, led by Ulugh Khan and probably Zafar Khan defeated the invaders on the Battle of Jaran-Manjur near Lahore in 1298[106] where quite a large number of them were taken prisoner.[107]. [35], Cyrus the Great invaded and annexed the lands to the west of the Indus river, around 535 BCE. [135] The Lodi dynasty reached its peak under Bahlul's grandson Sikander Lodi. The expression "Indo-Greek Kingdom" loosely describes a number of various dynastic polities, traditionally associated with a number of regional capitals like Taxila,[59] Pushkalavati and Sagala. After the British victories at the battles of the Sutlej in 184546, the army and territory of the boy Raja Duleep Singh was cut down. [93][pageneeded], After a defeat in Eastern Afghanistan suffered on the Shahi ally Lawik, Bhimadeva mounted a combined attack around 963 BC. [63] Following the death of Menander, most of his empire splintered and Indo-Greek influence was considerably reduced. [133], The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478. And Odi Shahi Kingdoms in the early medieval period. In 1848, out-of-work Sikh troops in Multan revolted, and a British official was killed. The philosophy of heroism of the Epic Age is excellently expounded in the Bhagavatagita section of the Mahabharata. Between 460 and 470 AD, the Alchons took over Gandhara and Western Punjab which also had remained under the control of the Kidarites, while the Gupta Empire remained further east. The next year, he defeated the Rajput confederacy under Rana Sang The Lodhis recovered control of some of the Sultanates lost territories, including the Punjab. The Government of Pakistan allows small numbers of Sikhs to visit religious sites in Pakistani Punjab, and allowed 3,000 Pakistani Sikhs to cross over recently, at the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Khalsa. In 1966, owing to the tremendous bravery shown by thousands of Sikh officers and soldiers in the Indian Army, the Government divided the Punjab into a Sikh-majority state of the same name, and Hindu-majority Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Following the birth of Islam in Arabia in the 6th century, the Muslims rose to power, replacing formerly Zoroastrian Persia as the major power to the west of India. The Unionist Party under Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan formed the government in 1937. Ranjit Singh settled upon him a monthly allowance of 1,500 rupees and on his (Shah zaman`s) arrival in Lahore accorded him a welcome befitting his rank. 167176 and Hill (2009), pp. Ranjit Singh combined with Sahib Singh of Gujrat (Punjab) and Milkha Singh Pindiwala and a large Sikh force. [10] Islam became established in Punjab when the Umayyad Caliphate conquered southern portions of the region up to Multan, which became independent from the caliphate under the Emirate of Multan in 855. Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278. [39][c] Later, tetradrachms would be minted depicting Alexander on horseback, armed with a sarissa and attacking a pair of Indians on an elephant. Efforts were made by Afghan rulers to dislodge the Sikhs from their citadels. His ambition knew no bounds. Shah Zaman attacked Lahore and the Sikhs, surrounded as they were on all sides, had to fight a grim battle. The edifice of Ahmed Shah Abdalis empire in India had crumbled. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. Encyclopedias encapsulate accurate information in a given area of knowledge and have indispensable in an age which the volume and rapidity of social change are making inaccessible much that outside ones immediate domain of concentration.At the time when Sikhism is attracting world wide notice, an online reference work embracing all essential facets of this vibrant faithis a singular contribution to the world of knowledge. [174], The Punjab was annexed by the East India Company in 1849. However, there was push in many regions of India for reorganisation of states based on language. * The evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Dr Buddha Parkash. A morphometric assessment", "Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land", "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world", "In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar", "New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis", "The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North", The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, "The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)", "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals", "Relations Between Dara Shukoh and Sa'adullah Khan", Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/S-1937-1945.htm, "History and Culture of Panjab Through The Ages", "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Punjab&oldid=1163529974, Wikipedia articles needing cleanup after translation from August 2022, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, "Taxila, they tell us, is about as big as Nineveh, and was fortified fairly well after the manner of Greek cities", "I have already described the way in which the city is walled, but they say that it was divided up into narrow streets in the same irregular manner as in Athens, and that the houses were built in such a way that if you look at them from outside they had only one story, while if you went into one of them, you at once found subterranean chambers extending as far below the level of the earth as did the chambers above. They fell upon the Afghan garrison while Shah Zaman was still in vicinity of Khyber Pass. In the ninth century, the Hindu Shahi dynasty originating from the region of Oddiyana,[91][92][93] replaced the Taank kingdom in the Punjab, ruling much of Western Punjab along with eastern Afghanistan. It was the first major achievement of Ranjit Singh. Visitors at the time noted the power, prestige and prosperity brought to the region under Banu Munnabih rule. The All-India Muslim League's demand for separate electorates for Muslims was granted at Amritsar in 1909. [136] The rule of the last Lodi emperor was a weak one, and was eclipsed by the arrival of Babur's army. The official number of deaths, as reported by the British government, was given as 379 killed, but some reports claimed that more than 1,000 were killed. [17], Today Punjab region is usually considered to consist of Punjab province in Pakistan and Punjab state in India. It was only after the death of Sudas that Samvaran could return to his kingdom. A number of families constituted a grama, a number of gramas a vis (clan) and a number of clans a Jana (tribe). Ranjit died in 1839, and a succession struggle ensued. Mughal rule was reduced to only a small area around Delhi, which passed under Maratha (1785) and the British (1803) control. The Northern Sakas, also known as the Indo-Scythians, moved first into Bactria, and later crossed the Hindu Kush into India, successfully wresting power from the Indo-Greeks. [35], Many Janapadas were mentioned from Vedic texts and there was a large level of contact between all the Janapadas with descriptions being given of trading caravans, movement of students from universities, and itineraries of princes. Following this tactic they were able to dislodge Afghans from several places. Outraged young Sikhs spread disorder around the Punjab and in Delhi. Afghan supply lines were cut, crops were burnt and other provisions plundered so that they did not fall into Afghans hands. WebAgain in 1798 Shah Zaman attacked Punjab to avenge the defeat of 1797. [110] He attacked and plundered Malwa, Gujarat, Lakhnauti, Chittagong, Mithila and many other regions in India[111] His distant campaigns were expensive, although each raid and attack on non-Muslim kingdoms brought new looted wealth and ransom payments from captured people. It bordered Balochistan and North-West Frontier to the west, Jammu and Kashmir to the north, the Hindi Belt to the east, and Rajasthan and Sindh to the south. It was a great setback to Shah Zaman, but in 1795 he reorganized forces and again attacked Hasan Abdal, This time he snatched Rohtas from the Sukerchikias, whose leader was Ranjit Singh. As a result, a new political philosophy of conquest and empire grew, which traced the origin of the state to the exigencies of war. Through the 1960s and 1970s, major industries, educational institutions and urbanization swept the cities and towns of Punjab. But special outrage now broke lose in the mainstream of Sikh society, which had so far been unwilling to endorse Bhindranwale. When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king". Alexander started his Mallian campaign and advanced quickly than the expectations of the Mallians. In another work, Ahmad argued that Guru Nanak was a Muslim. He interpreted Jihad as a peaceful method, and declared himself to be the Messiah. The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the Indo-Scythians, although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the Indo-Parthians and Kushans. The Datta dynasty and Mitra dynasty soon followed in Mathura. WebRanjit Singh did not have much difficulty in recovering Rohtas, but the Punjab had not yet seen the last of Zaman and his armies.In the autumn of 1796 Shah Zaman crossed the Main articles: Indo-Aryan migration, Vedic civilization. Ranjit Singh pursued them and surrounded Lahore. This time period is known as the golden age of the region, especially during the reign of Skanda Gupta. [182], An important event of the British Raj in Punjab was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. 10 Greatest Figures in Sikh History - DARPAN Magazine [8][9] Most of the western Punjab region became unified under the Taank The ensuing holocaust was called Ghalughara. (Hindu empire) and the lure of Punjabs riches, made the first attack on Sirhind in end December 1757. Nizam-ud.din of Kasur attacked the Sikhs near Shahdara on the banks of the Ravi, but his forces were no match for the Sikhs. Sun, Sohan Lal, `Umdat ut-Twarikh. They remained in power in Lahore until 1793 the year when Shah Zaman acceded to the throne of Kabul. [1][11] The word Pajb thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. The city of Lahore became one of the largest in the world under Mughals. During Ghazi Maliks reign, in 1321 he sent his eldest son Jauna Khan, later known as Muhammad bin Tughlaq, to Deogir to plunder the Hindu kingdoms of Arangal and Tilang (now part of Telangana). University of the Punjab, built in 1882. Ranjit Singh ultimately acquired a kingdom in the Punjab which stretched from the Sutlej River in the east to Peshawar in the west, and from the junction of the Sutlej and the Indus in the south to Ladakh in the north. The great epic makes copious attestation of the fact that the contigents of Gandharas, Kambojas, Sauviras, Madras and Trigartas occupied key positions in the Kaurava arrays throughout the epic war (See: Historical Traditions in Ancient Punjab, 1971, pp 36-51, Dr Buddha Parkash). [151] In 1858, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Punjab came under the direct rule of Britain. The He was later buried in Lahore. [148], Bbur's son Humyn (reigned 153040 and 155556) had lost territory to Sher Shah Suri, launched campaigns against the Gakkhars, about whom he suspected of being friendly with the Mughals. After confirming him in his satrapy, Alexander marched against the Kamboja highlanders of the Kunar and Swat valleys known in Greek texts as Aspasios and Assakenois and in Indian texts as Ashvayana and Ashvakayana (names referring to their equestrian nature), who had refused to submit to Alexander (See: Panjab Past and Present, pp. [175] The Punjab also became the major centre of recruitment into the Indian Army. Others, notably the Archaeological Survey of India after Independence, have preferred to call it `Harappan', or 'Mature Harappan', taking Harappa to be its type-site.". A. Multan had thrown off the yoke and Nawab Muzaffar Khan was now ruler. * [Quraishee 73] Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quraishee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973. Shah Zaman was overthrown by his brother and was blinded. 1 answer The Himalayas have deeply influenced the history of Punjab. Justify this statement with your arguments. These sultanates would make Delhi a safe haven for Muslim Turks and Persians who would flee the eventual Mongol invasions. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as King Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great.

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