15; and Zech. We reap what we sow! December - February, which are the regular heavy rains. 12:7); Joshua (Josh. NKJV"the Lord's holy institution" 2Hear this, O elders, "deceived you" This verb, "deceive" or "beguile" (BDB 674, KB 728, Hiphil perfect, cf. "what profit" This term (BDB 130) usually has the connotation of "gain made by violence." 3:2 "But who can endure the day of His coming" This verb (BDB 465, KB 463) is in the rare Pilpel stem. 32:15; 44:3; Jer. Bible readers do have the responsibility of applying the inspired truth to their day and their lives. The wheat was used for the bread of the wealthy and the barley for the bread of the poor. The second year is assumed by most modern scholars to be 520 b.c. .take courage. First Sermon, 1:1-11: Rebuild the Temple! 4:22; Deut. The fellowship of Eden (Genesis 1-2) will be restored (Revelation 21-22). Besides Zerubbabel ("Seed-of-Babylon") at least three other leaders bear non-Hebrew names Mordecai (related to a name compounded with Marduk), Bilshan (= Bab. 4:9-10; 6:7,20-25; 11:19; 31:13; 32:46; also note Exod. Isa. This is a moral universe and God will set all things straight one day (i.e., eschatological judgment)!!! 40:3/Mal. Obviously this is no place to revive the arguments that have been hotly debated for more than a dozen years. "show favor," BDB 335, KB 334, Qal imperfect used in a jussive sense. 3:24; 9:26; Josh. Gather the elders" The priest must (three imperatives) call the people to a holy convocation of repentance: 1. 24:10,16; Ps. . 11:5,24; Micah 3:8, 4.uniquely in the Messiah, Isa. 52:2830). 3.others take the locusts in an eschatological sense following Rev. B. It is possible that the Hebrew word reflects an idiom, the exact meaning of which has been lost. 4.in the area of utilizing contemporary literature: a.R. K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, b.John H. Walton, Ancient Israelite Literature In Its Cultural Context, 5.in the area of apostolic usage of OT texts, Richard N. Longenecker, Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period, NASB (UPDATED) TEXT:2:1-17 It is used predominantly in the Qal stem and in the books of Leviticus and Numbers. 14:33; Ps. These post-exilic prophets are also heralds of a new covenant, and they look beyond the restoration to a new day, a new creation, and an ultimate consummation. It involves initial and continuing, 1:15 "Alas for the day" This interjection (BDB 13), usually translated "alas," is found, 1.by itself, Jdgs. 2:20 "a second time" On the 24th day of the ninth month, Haggai received two related messages from YHWH (cf. TEV"prophecy", This refers to a divinely communicated message (sometimes in a trance state of sleep). 23:21; Job 24:9; Micah 2:2; 3:2). Our only sure backup is context, context, context! 1:5 "awake. NJB"Yahweh Sabaoth" 1:16-20). 118a; b. "I will pour out My Spirit on all mankind" The coming of the Spirit (sent by YHWH) is the sign of the New Age, the New Covenant, the Messianic period (cf. TARGUM"son and grandson" The first step is belief, not parentage (i.e., family, tribe). There is a possible alternate translation of "and the house of Jacob shall take for an inheritance those that took them for an inheritance" (cf. 1-4). However, at this point in the theological discussion the issue of apostasy must be dealt with. "by Haggai" The Hebrew text has "by the hand of Haggai" (BDB 388 construct BDB 291). 15:14; Isa. The land mourns; The specific mention of Edom, a much smaller nation than Egypt, probably relates directly to Obadiah (esp. In the section of Jeremiah which condemns the surrounding actions it is used of. 106:22; Isa. Deut. The covenant name for deity, YHWH, is abbreviated by "iah" and added to another NOUN (i.e., Isaiah, Jeremiah and here, Obadiah). The genre they chose to communicate their message is a literary contract with the reader on how to understand it (i.e. Jer. This term is often used in Leviticus in warning about not "profaning" the name of the Lord (cf. See Gleason Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, p. 296. We must remember that promises we make in God's name are binding. 2:16). Neh. Paragraphing is not inspired, but it is the key to following the original author's intent, which is the heart of interpretation. "I will enter into judgment with them there" This refers to the very army that YHWH has brought against His own people (i.e., Assyria, Babylon). He is also mentioned in two non-canonical books, I Esdras 6:1; 7:3; II Esdras 1:40; and quoted in another, Ecclesiasticus 49:11 (cf. YHWH Sabbaoth is used 24 times in this brief book. "do not gloat," v. 12 (lit. The communal leaders, "the elders of Judah/Israel" (Ezek. God's people (OT and NT) are meant to be a kingdom of priests to bring the world to YHWH (cf. 22:18; Lev. 28"It will come about after this Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar several times, 605, 597, 586, 582 b.c. All flesh comes to YHWH (cf. And understanding from the mountain of Esau? 2:19,21). All the nations will drink continually. and a.d. 1 Word History First Known Use circa 1861, in the meaning defined above Time Traveler The first known use of postexilic was circa 1861 See more words from the same year It apparently means (l) the captain of the army of heaven or (2) the leader of the heavenly council. 18So you will again distinguish between the righteous and the wicked, between one who serves God and one who does not serve Him. They are now called Idumeans. 1:14 "Consecrate a fast, "so that they may present to the Lord offerings in righteousness" The key to worship is a personal relationship. This possession of the land by those to whom it was promised becomes a universal fulfilment in v. 21. NRSV"obeyed" Gen. 1:2,4,5,18; Jer. 29:13 [Matt. For fire has devoured the pastures of the wilderness 24:27; Isa. And with fasting, weeping and mourning; Right from the outset in these prophets, you see the lawsuit that they are bringing through their indictments because of the breach of the covenant and the slowness of the people to grasp Gods rule over them. Who is this judge of the enemies of Gods people? This is exactly what happened to Judah, at which Edom rejoiced. "The remnant theology" - God will maintain a faithful remnant through time and judgment. NASB"all faces turn pale" Repentance was to be initiated by the priests themselves. In this context, it is fear (e.g., Exod. Knowledge brings responsibility! Israel was to be a witness to God's greatness, but her actions were counterproductive. He seeks fellowship. The restoration community was often apathetic. The LXX takes it as a title (cf. A. Even the governor would not accept it (cf. 6:20 and Ezek. 36:22; Ezra 1:1,5; Isa. They assume that the Israelites remember the covenants and laws in Deuteronomy and make many references to them. 16:59; 22:8, 6.the priests, Mal. And come up to the valley of Jehoshaphat, Ps. 4"Remember the law of Moses My servant, even the statutes and ordinances which I commanded him in Horeb for all Israel. ADD. Judgment was the last option. The Message of the Exilic Prophets for Our Day WILLIAM A. IRWIN A NY DISCUSSION of the exilic prophets entails at the outset a critical prob-lem, for who were they? 65:1ff.). 34:6; Num. 4:23; Ezra 3:5; Isa. Rom. C.See fuller note in Introduction to Obadiah. 177-196) attempting to describe God breaking into history either for judgment or blessing! 1:16 "joy" This term (BDB 162 I) is often associated with worship at the central shrine (cf. The land and beasts are not to fear and the populace is to rejoice and be glad at YHWH's forgiveness and restoration. NKJV"the heavens and the earth will shake" 14Who knows whether He will not turn and relent TEV"because of all they have done to you" "And who can stand when He appears" This is a military term for "holding one's ground" (BDB 763, KB 840, Qal participle, cf. 32:7, 8). 11Judah has dealt treacherously, and an abomination has been committed in Israel and in Jerusalem; for Judah has profaned the sanctuary of the Lord which He loves and has married the daughter of a foreign god. "Horeb" This (BDB 325) is another name for Mt. 3:7 "From the days of your fathers" For a historical overview of Israel's history, see Nehemiah 9. Except for the leaders who had contact with Babylonian officials *Sheshbazzar/Shenazzar (Ezra 1:8ff. 17:15; Hos. 2:7-9 Here the locusts are likened to an army. The son of the same Jehoiachin, whom Jeremiah had likened to a signet which the Lord deliberately pulled off his hand and cast away (Jer. He is the God of revelation. It is possible that they also reached an understanding of historical events (like that taught by the great pre-exilic and exilic prophets)as the chastening acts of a universal God acting in history through Nebuchadrezzar and other conquerors. Sinai, Exod. How we live affects our land! 1:2; 63:16; 64:8; Jer. Explain in your own words the Hebrew idiom of "I have loved" in v. 2 and "I have hated" in v. 3. 10:17; 66:15-16; Dan. At least one of these families, however, that of Hakkoz, was apparently reinstated at a later date (Ezra 8:33; Neh. Compare your subject divisions with the four translations above. 21And I will avenge their blood which I have not avenged, ; II Chron. Each modern translation has divided and summarized the paragraphs. Like the others, this is first used in Exod. LXX"food fully" These same words were said to Solomon by David as he began the work of YHWH's temple (cf. This is a study guide commentary which means that you are responsible for your own interpretation of the Bible. "a great and mighty people" This is an allusion to YHWH's army (cf. He should follow the example of Levi (cf. 19:10,12,18; Jer. Ezek. 1:1; 3:15, 23; 8:1) in the vicinity of Nippur. The term "altar" (BDB 258) could refer to. This can either be a title or a name. The Persian period of Jewish history ended with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 323 bce to begin the Hellenistic era, in which some of the biblical (including apocryphal or deuterocanonical) writings were created (for Hellenistic Judaism, see Judaism). 1096-1097). NASB (UPDATED) TEXT:1:7-11 33:10). The people then fled to Egypt, taking Jeremiah with them (Jer. also Dan. In the day of their disaster. You, the Bible, and the Holy Spirit are priority in interpretation. 2:5) in the person of His chosen One (cf. "and he will clear the way before Me" This verb (BDB 815, KB 937, Piel perfect) in the Piel stem has the connotation of "making clear" of obstacles (cf. Brief outline taken from The New International Commentary series on "Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, and Micah" by Allen, p. 142, 2.the completeness of Edom's overthrow (5, 6), 4. Covenant violations removed YHWH's blessing (i.e., "waste," BDB 1031 I, cf. 105:28). NJB"paid attention". The JPSOA says the Hebrew is uncertain and translates it as "his territory a home for beasts of the desert." 1. 4:2122). 2:10 "Before them the earth quakes" With thousands insects covering the ground, the earth seemed to move. 1:15) and projecting it into the future (end-time battle between the nations and the nation of God, cf. I Kings 12). This refers to three possible theological areas, 1. Here it denotes the mental and physical fear that the coming of the Lord brings (cf. ), Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period (2003); R. Zadok, ibid., 471589. However, in the NT this changes somewhat. And nothing at all escapes them. A. And it will be holy. The Bible in Twenty-six Translations for a multiplicity of English translations of this ambiguous Hebrew phrase). Joseph and Solomon married Egyptian women and Moses seems married a black Cushite woman (cf. JPSOA"you have spoken hard words against Me", This is a common term with a large semantic range. 2:12-14). Several powerful eschatological truths are noted: 1. "Yet I have loved Jacob; 3but I have hated Esau, and I have made his mountains a desolation and appointed his inheritance for the jackals of the wilderness." In this prophecy the mountains (i.e., high plateau) of Esau are played off against the mountains of Zion. 1:9 "I blew it away" This verb (BDB 655, KB 708, Qal perfect) has both positive (i.e., Gen. 2:7) and negative connotations (i.e., Isa. Often fear can result in faith (cf. 3:1; I Chr. Deuteronomy 27 and 28 are a very important covenant summary, dealing with the cursings and blessings connected to obeying or disobeying God's law. 1:13; I Chr. 6:8). NASB"everyone who awakes and answers" The NKJV follows the MT. It is obvious that the book relates to an invasion of Judah and harassment of the people of Jerusalem by the nation of Edom. Neh. They will drink and swallow There have been three major theories concerning this verse: 1.it refers to the offerings of pagans (cf. It (BDB 521) can also mean "angel" (cf. . We must remember that the covenant is. NJB"Yahweh's loved sanctuary" Edom (v. 15b), the invading nations (MASCULINE PLURAL, cf. The mutuality of Gen. 1:26-27 is restored. II Samuel 7). 2:17 "'Yet you did not come back to me,' declares the Lord" The purpose of the agricultural failures (cf. 9Then your mighty men will be dismayed, O Teman, "offspring" This is literally "seed" (BDB 282, cf. 3:8 "Also I will sell your sons and your daughters" God gives to them what they gave to others. Though you set your nest among the stars, 1:2; Ezek. The intent of the original author is the key to conservatism! 10:5, 12.a gate keeper in Nehemiah's day, Neh. 15:1; 18:23; 20:14; 24:20; Ps. Genesis 3; Rom. 36:1121; cf. therese120802 . Ps. 7;9-10; Joel 2:30; Nahum 1:5-6; I Cor. And cry out to the Lord. Or in your fathers' days? NASB (UPDATED) TEXT:1:1-6 God's condemnation of their support of the Temple, 3:7-12, 6. Jer. 31:3; II Sam. The first was born in Judah and was exiled with Jehoiachin. The term had serious emotional connotations in Near Eastern countries where loss of "face" was emotionally devastating! In this context it refers to YHWH and His end-time army of invasion. "to serve," BDB 712, KB 773, Qal infinitive construct, 2. Now God calls them by this name! "This people says" This phrase is used in a derogatory sense in Isa. v. 16). 76:12; Isa. This is used several times in the OT to denote the soon-coming judgment of YHWH (cf. YHWH turning mourning into joy, cf. Peter was right, concerning this salvation that the prophets announced, they were not serving themselves but Peters audience and us by announcing by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven, things into which angels long to look (1 Peter 1: 1012). This is an unfolding of the promises portended all the way back in the testament of Jacob (Gen. 49:812), which describes the Shiloh king that will bring peace. Isa. 2:17, 2. 3:1"Behold, I am going to send My messenger, and he will clear the way before Me. . This statement was understood in the Dead Sea Scrolls (cf. 3:3-4). 15:8-9]; Ezek. (2) In the preexilic prophets, predictions are contingent for the most part. 2:10, 2.the king of Israel - II Sam. 341ff. 8 century B.C. "And strangers will pass through it no more" This is an emphasis on no more military invasions (cf. Does God "repent"? But this, too, was not an absolute definition, for both pre-Exilic, e.g., Nahum 2:1, Jeremiah 30-33 (if these chapters stem from the early part of his career), and Exilic, e.g., Deutero-Isaiah, as well as post-Exilic prophets, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, brought messages of comfort, and some also took a positive view of the cult (see below). 5. Isa. Reflect traditional view of the books chronology. 3:7 This verse is reminiscent of v. 4. BDB 996, KB 1427, Qal perfect, literally, "turn," "turn back." It was in this period that enmity between the Jews, or Judaeans, as they came to be called, and the Samaritans, a term applied to the inhabitants of the former northern kingdom (Israel), was exacerbated. In the OT God's visitation could be either. The MT was an attempt to standardize multiple manuscript traditions. God's goodness in the face of evil Which prophets were in the Northern and Southern Kingdoms? 4:3, 7. You must not relinquish this to a commentator. The day of the Lord is indeed great and very awesome, Sin is not the stumbling block in the NT because the work of Christ has effectively dealt with this spiritual barrier. Consecrate a fast, proclaim a solemn assembly, 1:12ff). 19:5). 20-23). 17:17. 1:11 "the grain, on the new wine, on the oil" These were the staple goods of the Palestinian economy (cf. 5'As for the promise which I made you when you came out of Egypt, My Spirit is abiding in your midst; do not fear!' The term "righteousness" means a "measuring reed." Exod. 2:15; Josh. We must remember that in all likelihood the people whom Peter is addressing recently saw the portents of the sky when our Lord had been crucified. E.His name does not appear in conjunction with any NT quotes from this book. Jerusalem taken by Israel (Jehoash) after defeat of Edom in the reign of Amaziah (cf. Future Gentiles, Acts 10:35; Rom. What sections of chapter 2 are Messianic and why? 28:22). All the trees of the field dry up. However, the term "Mount Zion" came to be the designation for the entire city of Jerusalem (especially in Psalms and the Prophets), see ABD, vol. For web posting, a link to this document on our website is preferred. 51:24,56). And listen, all inhabitants of the land. No decree specifically granting permission to the exiles to return or to rebuild the city of Jerusalem has come down. 4), "the valley of Jehoshaphat" His name means "YHWH judges" (BDB 221). It refers to those set free from exile (cf. He returned to Persia in 433. 13:24-30, 36-43, 49-50)! 32:39; Job 5:18; Isa. The term "turn" or "repent" (BDB 996, KB 1427, Qal imperative [twice in this verse]) in Hebrew primarily refers to a change of action. 10:4; Amos 2:15; Eph. This verb (see above) implies that the restored worship at the central shrine would honor (cf. 3:14). 13:17; 41:2; 45:13, 7.sons of Zion against sons of Greece, Zech. "proclaim a solemn assembly," BDB 894, KB 1128, Qal imperative, cf. "the statutes and ordinances" See Special Topic at 3:7. This was a national temple! In tithes and offerings", 3:10 "Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse", "pour out for you a blessing until it overflows", 3:15 "So now we call the arrogant blessed", "a book of remembrances was written before Him", 3:17 "they will be Mine. 7You are presenting defiled food upon My altar. 1:7, 14-18; Obad. BDB 561, to spread out (i.e., like a net). 14:6; 46:1; 61:4; 62:7,8; 71:7; 73:28: 91:2,9; 142:5; Pro. 2:17You have wearied the Lord with your words. 3:5 "Since you have taken My silver and My gold, brought My precious treasures to your temples". locusts, army), but will renew it in abundance if His people will repent and turn to Him. 28:26. 3:6; Rev. Post-exilic prophets. 5). 1:2; 2 Tim. B. However, this was all over now because the reconstruction on the Temple had begun again. 7:21,22; 23:39; 24:21; 44:7, 2. 86:15; 103:8; 111:4; 145:8; Jonah 4:2, 3.slow to anger, construct (BDB 74 and 60 I). 10"Oh that there were one among you who would shut the gates, that you might not uselessly kindle fire on My altar! Ps. 1, p. 1129, says of this verb (BDB 276, KB 277, Qalperfect) that God is usually the subject and the object is usually personal. 1:12 and Luke 3:27. E.It is not Hebrew poetry, but similar. Just as the greatest tragedy of the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 B.C.E. C.Second Sermon, 2:1-9: The Temple size is not the issue! v. 1). When the Jews of Judah went into exile, the Shekinah glory left the Temple (cf. says the Lord of hosts. Surely it is near, For me the most significant usage is where it describes YHWH as not pleased that any should perish (cf. 3:9. 9:9), which sound like chariot wheels on the streets (as does the crackling of a fire in v. 5, line 3. NASB (UPDATED) TEXT:3:1-8 Yet Cyrus had now permitted the Jews in Babylon to return to their land. It is ironic that the God of judgment is also the only hope of restoration. 12:5; Lev. "the God of Israel" This title is found only here. "with healing in its wings" This metaphor is possibly used of (1) the relationship between healing and light or (2) a Persian symbol for deity used in Zoroastrianism. Darius, the son of Cambyses' general, was with the army when this occurred. Ps. 13Then Haggai, the messenger of the Lord, spoke by the commission of the Lord to the people saying, "'I am with you,' declares the Lord." It is a very common name in the OT (cf. In a sense this is "eye-for-eye" justice! Exod. It was at the time of this festival that Solomon's Temple had been dedicated (I Kings 8:62ff.). 24:2; I Sam. Matthew 24; Luke 21; Mark 13). It is the LXX that has a question, which may reflect a different Hebrew manuscript. And strangers will pass through it no more. 7:7; Jdgs. "Tell your sons" This imperative (BDB 707, KB 765, Piel imperative) is used to magnify the unique thing YHWH is about to do (i.e., bring locusts). Spirit (i.e., the new age of the Spirit), 4. 1:4; 2:6; 3:7[thrice],18; 4:6, see notes at 3:7). Exod. NASB (UPDATED) TEXT:1:8-12 Isa. This seems to be related to the rabbinical thought that the Bible should end with a Covenant name for God. The "name" is an idiomatic way of referring to the person. And praise the name of the Lord your God, The text is difficult because the key terms are ambiguous: b.breath of God in mankind (cf. His seeming inactivity in judgment caused these post-exilic returnees to impugn His character (cf. 1117), not only in the Gospel age but also in the final judgment. C.If God's people repent, God will bring a new day of prosperity, both physically and spiritually (Deuteronomy 27-28). 24:1-4) is not the issue, but inter-religious marriage! 29:21ff.) 1:6 Malachi l:6 through 2:9 is Malachi's address to the priests (i.e., 6d) who were the spiritual representatives of the people. The husband's covenant requirements were part of his bar mitzvah education and commitment to YHWH. 2If you do not listen, and if you do not take it to heart to give honor to My name," says the Lord of hosts, "then I will send the curse upon you and I will curse your blessings; and indeed, I have cursed them already, because you are not taking it to heart. These are known as the minor prophets because of the length of their writings. 8:13-14-Rom. What is the theological reason for the locust invasion? Olivia111902. ), 2.during the reign of Uzziah (783-742 b.c. 7:2538), it is likely that these 17 (18) families settled in Judah. NRSV, NJB"you have spoken harsh words against me" 1, pp. Deut. Isa. B. And fire has devoured the pastures of the wilderness. 18:3) or (2) a stylized warning (cf. The surrounding nations were openly hostile, the Persian court was ambivalent towards them, and YHWH had not manifested Himself in the new rebuilt Temple as He had in the old one (i.e., Shekinah Cloud of Glory). 14:8; II Sam. Modern scholarship has adopted their perspective in dividing Israelite/Jewish history into "pre-exilic," "exilic," and "post-exilic" periods. v. 1). "Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel" Zerubbabel is a Babylonian name which means "born in Babylon" (BDB 279). encouraged the rump state of Judah to believe that deliverance was at hand. The last two verses of the Second Book of the Chronicles are repeated in the first two verses of Ezra: God inspires Cyrus to send the Jews back to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple. NASB"and appointed his inheritance for the jackals of the wilderness" I will pour out My Spirit in those days. However, it seems to me that this phrase relates to the Lord's table of v. 12. The priests and their offerings were considered to be in the same category and were themselves to be smeared with refuse and removed from the camp and destroyed (cf. 24:7; 29:13). 1:3; James 1:19, 4.abounding in lovingkindness, construct (BDB 912 I and 338). Sacrifice and ritual without faith are an abomination (cf. "My inheritance" alludes to YHWH's unique ownership of the Promised Land (cf. Then if I am a father, where is My honor? All of these actions describe insects as if they were a disciplined army moving forward (vv. Job 9:28; 10:14; Ps. ), the majority of exiles in Babylonia, as in Egypt, preserved the practice of giving Hebrew names. It is also significant to note that the judgment mentioned in v. 5 has both religious and social connotations with no distinction made between them. It is controlled by YHWH ("withheld," BDB 476, KB 475, Qal perfect, twice). Isa. ; 8:1819) and a yearning to be reconciled with God and restored to the land of Judah (Ps. 1"For behold, in those days and at that time, 79:10; 115:2; Micah 7:10) so that His people might return to Him! . We see a similar designation in v. 14, "the valley of decision.". 9:28; Josh. See note at v. 15. v. 13 "their calamity" This (BDB 15) is a play on the Hebrew word for "red" (BDB 10, cf. Why? And the people showed reverence for the Lord. 2:2 "If you do not listen" This seems to reflect Deut. NJB"carried off his riches" 2:1,15). NKJV"and one will take you away with it" This adjective is used only of YHWH, cf. 1:6; 2:17). God's acts of life and peace demanded appropriate response. The deliverance is still accomplished by God's Spirit, but it is not for a period of time, but for eternity! 15:2; 20:17). "Joshua the son of Jehozadak, the high priest" Joshua was the grandson of Seraiah, the high priest who was killed when Jerusalem fell in 586 b.c. 63:1-6, while the treading of the grapes is mentioned of judgment in Micah 4:12-13. YHWH's initial desire was for Israel to be a kingdom of priests to bring "the nations" to Himself. unclean." 43-44, lists several OT texts that refer to YHWH, but are quoted in the NT as referring to the Messiah: 3. Postexilic Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster They convey the message of God for this period of time with cumulative clarity since they come at the end of a long age of prophetic indictment against the people. This is obviously a difficult text.

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