The goal of any atom really is to have an outer shell with the same number of electrons as its corresponding row's noble gas. Do not forget sig figs & units. A molecule is group of two or more numbers of atoms. The barium cation is written Ba2+, not Ba+2. The names for positive and negative ions are pronounced CAT-eye-ons and ANN-eye-ons, respectively. According Kinetic. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) is a graphical depiction of this process. Can we see pic of female inserting a tampon? Chemists use simple diagrams to show an atoms valence electrons and how they transfer. A neutral sodium atom, for example, contains 11 protons and 11 electrons. In many cases, elements that belong to the same group (vertical column) on the periodic table form ions with the same charge because they have the same number of valence electrons. The positivity of the atom is represented as positive ion. A triangle has angles that measure 30o, 60o, and 90o. d. will form an ion with a charge of +2. A. Anyway, here is the answer. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. The excess protons pull harder on the fewer electrons. The atomic mass of an atom will change depending on its amount of protons and neutrons, and will be different for each individual element. The "2" in Mg(OH)2 tells you that the charge of the hydroxide ion is (-2), The smallest unit of a covalent compound that still retains the properties of the compound is called a (an) A. electron B. atom C. molecule D. dipole, Evidence of a chemical reaction includes A. a color change B. a change in temperature C. the production of a gas D. All of these, In an ionic compound, the metal A. usually forms a negative ion B. takes the "-ide" ending C. has a Greek prefix like mono, di or tri D. is written first, Ionic compound are generally A. white, crystalline solids B. gaseous substances C. syrupy liquids D. amorphous solids, The formation of an ionic bound A. involves a transfer of one or more electrons B. results in a release of energy C. helps atoms achieve a noble gas electron arrangement D. all of these, The amount of energy released when wood is burned is A. greater than the amount of solar energy absorbed during its formation B. equal to the amount of solar energy absorbed during its formation C. less than the amount of solar energy absorbed during its formation D. greater or less than the amount of solar energy absorbed during its formation, depending on how it is burned, B. equal to the amount of solar energy absorbed during its formation, Atoms that have eight valence electrons would tend to be A. be very reactive B. be inert C. form positive ions D. form negative ions, The formation of a positive ion A. occurs when an atom gains a proton B. involves a release of energy C. occurs when an electron is removed from an atom D. occurs in covalent bnonding, C. occurs when an electron is removed from an atom, ** *X** * The atom would most likely A. form an ion of +6 cjharge B. react with hydrogen to form H2X C. lose two electron when forming an ion D. form an ion of +2 charge, What type of chemical bond does the sharing of a pair of electrons form? Figure 3.2 The Formation of a Chlorine Ion. Why Do Atoms form Ions? - KnowsWhy.com An already negatively charged ion will stay negative when an electron is added. being colorless. Is the charge of a compound always . A: The atomic radius for a given element can be defined as the measure of the measure of the size of, A: Given: 1. a. cation b. anion c. neither d. cation e. neither f. neither, 3. a. Where is the tallest General Electric Building located? d. lose protons. Thus, the periodic table becomes a tool for remembering the charges on many ions. Which electron transition in an excited atom results in a release of energy. On the other side of the periodic table, the next-to-last column, the halogens, form ions having a 1 charge. Can a polarized object have a net charge of zero? A weather station predicts that warm, humid air will pass over much cooler land during the early morning hours. I'm having a hard time reading your work and the order it follows. Atoms vs. Ions - Division of Chemical Education, Purdue University When dealing with box diagrams in the electron configuration unit, what happens when the element is an ion? How many protons are in an ion with 10 electrons and a -1 charge? The outermost shell of the sodium ion is the second electron shell, which has eight electrons in it. What is the law of conservation of electric charge? 3.1: Ions is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. A mixture can be distinguished from a pure substance because it can be separated by physical means.*. Distinguish the difference between the two types of ions. Calculation: A: We have to Determine the mass of O is that combined with 3.00 g of N in NO and NO2. Figure 4.7.1 4.7. Take Sodium (Na) for example. These atoms are can be of same types or of different of elements. 1s22s22p6 c. 1s22s22p6 d. 1s22s22p63s23p6. Do all chemical elements have positive and negative charges? * True Cations are formed when neutral atoms lose | Homework.Study.com The nonmetal atoms become the negative ions. In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons, and therefore, they become _____. Answer and Explanation: 1 Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Most metals become cations when they make ionic compounds. How Does A Neutral Atom Become A Positive Or Negative Ion? lose electrons Solution A has a pH of 4. 10H. Given that weight of hydrated salt is 6.790 g and mass of anhydrous salt is found to be 4.501 g., A: In the given table, the average mass and year are indicated very clearly and we only need to draw, A: The Ca is an element that belongs to the alkaline earth metals. The group determines the number of electrons in its last layer (valance electrons). Each atom, in its turn, is made of electrically charged components: a positive central nucleus, where most of the atom's mass is concentrated, and. The octet rule has been satisfied. 4.7: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons - Chemistry LibreTexts A positive ion is an atom that has lost one or more electrons. What happened when the media is allowed to play its role unchecked? The atomic mass of an element is A. the sum of the protons and neutrons in one atom of the element. BIO: Quiz 2 Flashcards | Quizlet What is a negatively charged atom called? Best Answer Copy Atoms can become ions if one or more of the outer sheell electrons are knocked off by any external energy, say an X-ray, Gamma Ray or simple heat. Dominant to strips As introducedpreviously,atoms contain a nucleus with neutrons and positively charged protons, surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Ion | Definition, Chemistry, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Hence, hydrogen makes one covalent bond. In the second shell and other shells can hold 8 electrons so we can conclude that hydrogen has one valance electron. A: A chemical reaction involves in change in number of electrons. Starting with magnesium and oxygen atoms, use Lewis diagrams to show the formation of the ionic compound MgO. c. has gained 6 electrons to make an octet of 8 electrons. If a neutral atom loses an electron what is formed? b. How can a charged atom (an ion) attract a neutral atom? If neutral atoms become positive ions, they lose electrons. A. covalent B. ionic C. metallic D. double, Atoms of an element tend to gain or lose electrons so that they will A. have the same number of protons as electrons B. become electrically neutral C. have the same number of outer orbital electrons as a noble gas D. have the same outer shell arrangement as a metal, C. have the same number of outer orbital electrons as a noble gas. If an atom loses or gains electrons, it will become a positively or negatively charged particle, called an ion. Hydrogen is H-atom and H2. How many electrons are in a neutral lithium atom? Atoms are solid sphere. What does it mean to call a minor party a spoiled? When an ion is formed, the number of protons If it were to gain an electron, then the Sodium atom would then become. how many covalent bonds can hydrogen form? charged Na+ ion that has a net charge of +1. Ions are formed by the addition of electrons to, or the removal of electrons from, neutral atoms or molecules or other ions; by combination of ions with other particles; or by rupture of a covalent bond between two atoms in such a way that both of the electrons of the bond are left in association with one of the formerly bonded atoms. The period that an element occupies coincides with its last electronic layer, therefore an element with five electronic layers, will be located in the fifth period. In, A: The chemical reaction follows the law of conservation of mass. Did James Sullivan husband of Annette Kellerman discover Rin Tin tin? If an atom loses or gains electrons, it will become a positively or negatively charged particle, called an ion. Most nonmetals become anions when they make ionic compounds. When these atoms gain electrons, they acquire a negative charge because they now possess more electrons than protons. As you move from left to right across a period,the number of valence electrons-increases. The excess protons pull harder on the fewer electrons. Which element will most likely gain electrons? an ion with a charge of -1. Mass of Al = 2.93 g, A: Watermelon solid green color In cases where an atom has three or fewer valence electrons, the atom may lose those valence electrons quite easily until what remains is a lower shell that contains an octet. 3.1: Ions - Chemistry LibreTexts The gain or loss of electrons by an atom to form negative or positive ions About how many days are in an earth year how many hours in an earth day. How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion? When sulfur(Z= 16) gains two electrons the resulting ion will have 18 electrons and 16 protons and therefore a charge of 2 (there are two more negative electrons than positive protons), it is an anion. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. How do you know how many electrons an element tends to gain or lose? (In table salt, this electron comes from the sodium atom.) Face -6 Negatively charged ions are called anions. In a molecule with an ionic bond, how can you tell which atoms gain or lose electrons? By removing an electron from this atom we get a positively Which ions - positive ions or negative ions - tend to be larger and why? Figure 4.7.1 4.7. In this case, the ion has the same outermost shell as the original atom, but now that shell has eight electrons in it. The names for positive and negative ions are pronounced CAT-eye-ons (cations) and ANN-eye-ons (anions), respectively. Most atoms do not have eight electrons in their valence electron shell. Since the oxygen atom of water has two lone pair of electrons and also dipole moment is more towards the oxygen atom. Where is the tallest General Electric Building located? How would you separate water from antifreeze, What was Ernest Rutherford's atom model name. an equal number of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) The nucleus of an atom contains. 1. Non-metals do not conduct electricity and are mostly gases at room temperature except carbon and sulfur. A covalent bond is the sharing of two electrons between two atoms, so hydrogen would only need to make one covalent bond to fill its shell. The transfer of electrons can be illustrated easily with Lewis diagrams: In representing the final formula, the dots are omitted. a) cations; lose b) anions; gain c) cations; gain d) anions; lose. Which part of an atom is positively charged, and which part is negatively charged? C. its molecule has a bent shape. A neutral chlorine Do they have to give members warning before they bar you? A: GIVEN: one or more negative electrons. Recall the electron configuration of sodium from Chapter 2 Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table: As demonstrated in Example 1 (in Section 3.1 Two Types of Bonding), sodium is likely to achieve an octet in its outermost shell by losing its one valence electron. The "-ide" ending in nitrogen dioxide tells you that this is an ionic compound. converted to positive ions by bombarding them with electrons. The charge of an electron in -1. Ions can be positively charged (cations) or negatively charged (anions). Learn the definition of an ion and how ions form. We know that first shell can hold a maximum of two electrons so due to incomplete valance shell hydrogen atom is reactive and make covalent bond with other reactive atoms. Neutral chlorine atoms instantly A: The structure for the given molecular formula C6H11BrO2 is given below, A: Consider the given information is as follows; For example, a sodium atom with one less electron is a cation, Na+, with a +1 charge (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). cohesion How Does A Neutral Atom Become A Positive Or Negative Ion? Each element is made up of its own type of atom. Starting with lithium and bromine atoms, use Lewis diagrams to show the formation of the ionic compound LiBr. Proteins are made up of many _______. From the periodic table, we see that lithium is in the same column as sodium, so it will have the same valence shell electron configuration. How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion? Do they have to give members warning before they bar you? Sodium metal, for example, which consists of neutral sodium atoms, bursts The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. 1.5 cubic feet of soil is how many pounds? Use Lewis diagrams to illustrate the formation of an ionic compound from a potassium atom and an iodine atom. Thus, water molecule becomes polar in nature. You notice that rain water forms "beads" on your car. What part of the atom has a negative charge? Figure 3.2 The Formation of a Chlorine Ion is a graphical depiction of this process. When you add an electron to an atom that is neutral, the atom becomes negatively charged. How are cations formed? If a neutral atom loses one electron, what is the electrical charge of the atom? Why is the electric charge a fundamental conserved property? False, due to heat supply, A: Given reaction is : A store made $53,000 selling phones last year. What happens when media plays its role is unchecked? A covalent bond is the sharing of two electrons between two atoms, so hydrogen would only need to make one covalent bond to fill its shell. What occurs when an atom loses an electron? Legal. Can you set the answer up in way the question asks, or label the steps with numbers? What are atoms that have become negatively charged by gaining extra electrons called? from a neutral atom to give a positive ion or adding electrons to a neutral Figure 3.1 The Formation of a Sodium Ion. If you want any, A: Calculate the given question which is part of chemistry as mentioned in the question -, A: On hot summer day heat is available. protons and neutrons. Which of the following radioactive isotopes are used to detect whether or not an individual has healthy thyroid? I-131 Does Robin Williams play George Washington in dodge commercial? What characteristic charge do atoms in the first column of the periodic table have when they become ions? into flame when it comes in contact with water. How to identify if an atom is positively or negatively charged? Atoms can, however,. A neutral sodium atom, for example, contains 11 protons Nucleus and electrons are held together by the electric attraction between positive (+) and negative (-) charges. Cations are formed when neutral atoms lose. A: CrI3 is a black solid that is used to prepare other chromium compounds. The water molecule H2O is polar because it contains two polar single bonds and A. its molecule has a linear shape. Similarly, bromine is in the same column as chlorine, so it will have the same Lewis diagram that chlorine has. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. For example, the representation for sodium is as follows: and the representation for chlorine is as follows: It does not matter what sides the dots are placed on in Lewis diagrams as long as each side has a maximum of two dots. Create your account View this answer An atom becomes a positive or negative ion by either losing an electron or. round to the nearest tenth. 2.10 l= azimuthal quantum, A: Introduction: an ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing electrons Note that some atoms commonly form ions of different charges. Electrons are knocked off the atoms when fast moving electrons 4.7: Ions- Losing and Gaining Electrons - Chemistry LibreTexts The Chemical name of the element is. Illustrate your. In 40 years, what will people be nostalgic for? According to reaction, 1 mole of calcium carbonate gives 1 mole of calcium oxide and 1 mole of carbon dioxide. Does Robin Williams play George Washington in dodge commercial? Therefore, The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Chapter 2 Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table, Figure 3.1 The Formation of a Sodium Ion, Figure 3.2 The Formation of a Chlorine Ion, Figure 3.4 Lewis Diagrams of the Elements Lithium through Neon, Figure 3.5 Charges of the Monatomic Ions, https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_the-basics-of-general-organic-and-biological-chemistry/. How did Millikan determine the charge of an electron? Are atoms that gain electrons positively or negatively charged? The charge that an atom acquires when it becomes an ion is related to the structure of the periodic table. Chlorine makes ionic compounds in which the chloride ion always has a 1 charge. Based on Table S, an atom of the element POLONIUM has the weakest attraction for electrons in a chemical bond. The answer would be 65 aswell. Basic Chemistry: Atoms and Ions - Pennsylvania State University What is formed when an atom loses or gains an electron? Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. Once again, the octet rule has been satisfied. Ionic and Covalent Bonds - Chemistry LibreTexts How can I calculate the net charge of an ion? 3.2: Ions - Chemistry LibreTexts The outermost shell of the sodium ion is the second electron shell, which has eight electrons in it. In those cases, electron transfer occurs between more than one atom. n : principal quantum number, describes electron's state If an atom has 1 to 3 valence electrons, what will it do? What were consequences of the destruction of the bison population for native americans, According to the lecture, when communicating men prefer to concentrate on _____________. Positive ions are called cations, while negative ions are called anions. 1s2 b. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. protons and neutrons If neutral atoms become positive ions, they. Why did jeff dunham and paige get divorced? Answer Ionic compounds are neutral compounds made up of positive and negative ions. What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction? On the right, the sodium ion only has 10 electrons and a 1+ charge. Ionic bounds occur between atoms from adjacent chemical families in the periodic table. How many electrons will aluminum gain or lose when it forms an ion? A: n factor of Na+is 1. Metals are shiny and conduct electricity and are all solids at room temperature except mercury. Determine if the resulting ions are cations or anions? n = 4, l= 3 Electrons themselves have a negative charge. How many electrons are in a neutral atom of helium-4? Ions are charged atoms. How many electrons are in a hydrogen ion? Sodium chloride is an ionic compound made up of sodium ions and chloride ions in a crystal lattice. A: In this question, we will calculate the Effective Nuclear charge ( Zeff ) for S and Cl atom. What happens when neutral. Ions made from alkaline earth metals, the second group on the periodic table, have a 2+ charge. does not change. Positively charged Na+ and negatively charged Cl- ions are so unreactive that we can safely take them into our bodies whenever Positively charged ions are called cations. To become a positive ion, does an atom lose or gain an electron? If neutral atoms become positive ions they? What was the date of sameul de champlians marriage? Audra's x-rays showed that when her permanent teeth erupt there won't be enough space for them , and they'll need braces. Matter is made of atoms. Biology 2; Chapter 2 Test. Flashcards | Quizlet 2 If an element has an atomic number of 15, then. Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals. A: The given graph if of heating of a solid substance. c.gain protons. A neutral chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outermost shell. Atoms are neutral particles. Due to this reason all elements are different from one another. The excess protons pull harder . The octet rule has been satisfied. The remaining species has the following electron configuration: The cation produced in this way, Na+, is called the sodium ion to distinguish it from the element. G Kinetic energy of the molecules increases and we are close to boiling point liquids. Process of transferring data to a storage medium? As we saw in Figure 3.1 The Formation of a Sodium Ion, there is a pattern to the charges on many of the main group ions, but there is no simple pattern for transition metal ions (or for the larger main group elements). Express your answer in condensed form, in order of increasing orbital energy: Au+, Mo6+, Zr4+. 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https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FCollege_of_Marin%2FCHEM_114%253A_Introductory_Chemistry%2F04%253A_Atoms_and_Elements%2F4.07%253A_Ions-_Losing_and_Gaining_Electrons, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 4.6: Looking for Patterns- The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes- When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think, Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving, 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers, 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision, 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions, 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems, 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map, 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises), 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas, 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition, 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties, 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes, 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter, 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change, 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms, 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations, 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons, 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms, 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition, 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds, 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds, 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds, 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit, 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors, 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds, 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula, 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds, 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds, 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents, 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations, 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water, 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid, 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations, 7.8: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions, 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide, 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions, 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions, 8.5: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield, 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants, 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction, Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table, 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom, 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals, 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations, 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model, 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character, 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots, 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared, 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds, 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule, 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix, 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases, 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions, 11.5: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature, 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure, 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles, 11.10: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen, Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic, 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy, 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz, 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent, 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter, 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration, 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies, 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases, 14.6: AcidBase Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution, 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity, 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change.

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