These differences in conductivity between different types of strong electrolytes can sometimes be very useful in deciding what ions are actually present in a given electrolyte solution as the following example makes clear. 2; Video 6.2. Use this practical to investigate how solutions of the halogens inhibit the growth of bacteria and which is most effective. C4.2.1 explain how the bulk properties of materials (including strength, melting point, electrical and thermal conductivity, brittleness, flexibility, hardness and ease of reshaping) are related to the different types of bonds they contain, their bond st, Atomic structure and bonding related to properties of materials. A similar argument applies to solutions of 1:2 and 2:1 electrolytes. you can check the table of elements to see the different types of ionic compounds that can produce and conduct electricity. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bda7ac8df6@9.110). One good example to prove this theory is during your chemistry lessons. They can also conduct electricity when dissolved in water; as they will dissociate into their ions, having the ability to conduct electricity (as they may move around freely, being electrolytes in solution). This page titled 11.2: Ions in Solution (Electrolytes) is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Ed Vitz, John W. Moore, Justin Shorb, Xavier Prat-Resina, Tim Wendorff, & Adam Hahn. , Samsa Latif, No Comment. * All measurements refer to a cel1 in which the distance between the electrodes is 1.0 mm and the area of each electrode is 1.0 cm. Solid ionic compounds do not have electrical conductivity because the ions are not free to move. Substances whose solutions conduct electricity are called electrolytes. The result is that the total positive charge of the protons cancels out the total negative charge of the electrons so that the net charge of the atom is zero. From other mixtures? 3.1 Introduction to the Octet Rule 3.2 Ions and the Periodic Table Common Cations Common Anions Ions of Transition Metals 3.3 Ionic Bonding 3.4 Practice Writing Correct Ionic Formulas 3.5 Naming Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.6 Polyatomic Ions 3.7 Naming Polyatomic Ions 3.8 Properties and Types of Ionic Compounds 3.9 Arrhenius Acids and Bases When they do, they become monatomic ions. Ionic Compounds can be defined as the chemical compound formed by opposite charged ions held together by ions bonds or electrostatic forces. Know the physical properties of ionic and molecular substances. Under similar conditions, most ions move through water at comparable speeds. C4.3 How do bonding and structure affect properties of materials? This means that ions like Mg2+ or SO42, which are doubly charged, will carry twice as much current through the solution as will singly charged ions like Na+ or Cl. This article contains incorrect information, This article doesnt have the information Im looking for. ionic compounds. Legal. 4.2 Ionic and Covalent Compounds - Chemistry LibreTexts (a) Which of the following sketches best represents the ions in a solution of Fe(NO3)3(aq)? This experiment enables students to distinguish between electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and to verify that covalent substances never conduct electricity even when liquefied, whereas ionic compounds conduct when molten. Ionic compounds are the result of a metal chemically bonding with a non-metal. Similarities Between Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds, Similarities Between Hardware and Software, Similarities Between Manure and Fertilizer, Similarities Between Early Action and Early Decision, Similarities Between Hitler and Ron DeSantis. , maureen , Leave a comment. Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly facts for everyone to enjoy! June 23, 2023 Instead, it vaporizes to a gas at temperatures above \(3500^\text{o} \text{C}\). , Sagar Khillar So go ahead and look at some other articles like why do ionic compounds have a high melting point and why do fingers prune. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bda7ac8df6@9.110). Why is an atom electrically neutral? - UC Santa Barbara Our recommended activities are based on age but these are a guide. Question 2: Do Ionic Compounds are soluble in organic solvents? You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. Water is a good conductor of electricity but alone it doesnt have the means to create that electrical charge. molecular compound: (also, covalent compound) composed of molecules formed by atoms of two or more different elements. Refer to following figure for the following three questions: It decreased as some of the CO2 gas left the solution (evidenced by effervescence). Kidadl has a number of affiliate partners that we work with including Amazon. Once a solid has been liquefied and allowed to cool, the solidified lump is often hard to break up or powder in the crucible. This electrical neutrality helps keep the compound stable, making it easier to work with and much less volatile than unstable ions. The covalent solids only need to be heated for a short time for melting to take place. monatomic ion: ion composed of a single atom. In the case of salt for example, sodium has a charge of positive one, and chloride has a charge of negative one. Like water, solid ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity by themselves. 11.2: Ions in Solution (Electrolytes) - Chemistry LibreTexts Why Do Ionic Compounds Dissolve in Water? Chem Flashcards | Quizlet PDF Lewis Dot Structure Name Period Seat # Mega Worksheet This can be seen by comparing NaCl with KCl, and NaI with KI. do you know? between a metal and a nonmetal Explain why ionic compounds are electrically neutral. For example, sodium chloride melts at 801 C and boils at 1413 C. Ionic compounds conduct. , Sagar Khillar, No Comment, June 19, 2023 1: The conductivity of electrolyte solutions: (a) 0.1 M NaCl (b) 0.05 M NaCl (c) 0.1 M HgCl 2. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 1 ). Ionic compounds are conductors of electricity when they are in a molten state or aqueous state. Ever asked yourself what is an ion or why does it conduct electricity in a specific solution? The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The concentration of hydrogen in the palladium depends on the pressure of H 2 gas applied, but in a more complex fashion than can be described by Henry's law. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid-state but are good conductors in a molten state. When an atom loses its electrons a positive ion is formed whereas a negative ion is formed when it gains electrons. An atom always tends to get a stable electronic configuration when an atom loses electrons cation is formed and when an atom gains electrons anion is formed these two oppositely charged atoms attract together to form an ionic bond and the compound is called an Ionic Compound. Why Do Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity? In Binary Ionic Compounds and Their Properties we point out that when an ionic compound dissolves in water, the positive and negative ions originally present in the crystal lattice persist in solution. All the metals conduct electricity well. Atoms that gain or lose electrons are called ions, ions may have a negative charge or positive charge. As with simple ionic compounds, these compounds must also be electrically neutral, so their formulas can be predicted by treating the polyatomic ions as discrete units. Unit 2: CHEMICAL BONDING, APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS and ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, (a) the properties of metals, ionic compounds, simple molecular covalent substances and giant covalent substances, Bonding workshop | Chemistry for All project | 1416 years, Gold coins on a microscale | 1416 years, Practical potions microscale | 1114 years, Antibacterial properties of the halogens | 1418 years, Carbon (graphite) electrodes, fitted in a holder (see note 1 below), Light bulb in holder, 6 V (see note 2 below). Ionic bonds are usually formed between a metal and non-metal. We use parentheses in a formula to indicate a group of atoms that behave as a unit. Crystalline form means when the ions are in a solid structure and an ion compound finds it challenging to conduct electricity while in a solid state. Separation of Mixtures of Two or More Liquids, Verification of the Law of Conservation of Mass in a Chemical Reaction, What is a Chemical Formula? Whereas Chlorine has 7 electrons in its valency shell so it requires one electron to become stable it gains one electron from Magnesium since Magnesium has lost two electrons and Chlorine can gain only one electron two Chlorine atoms combine together with one atom of Magnesium resulting in the formation of Ionic Bond between Magnesium and Chlorine forming MgCl2. Give an example of each of the following types of solutions: bronze (solution of tin or other metals in copper). Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structures & Algorithms in JavaScript, Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Python Backend Development with Django(Live), DevOps Engineering - Planning to Production, Top 100 DSA Interview Questions Topic-wise, Top 20 Greedy Algorithms Interview Questions, Top 20 Hashing Technique based Interview Questions, Top 20 Dynamic Programming Interview Questions, Commonly Asked Data Structure Interview Questions, Top 20 Puzzles Commonly Asked During SDE Interviews, Top 10 System Design Interview Questions and Answers, GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Why Solids, Liquids and Gases Have Different Properties, Effects of Relative Humidity and Wind Speed, Difference between Rigidity and Fluidity of Matter, Prove That Liquids have No fixed Shape but have a Fixed Volume. We use parentheses in a formula to indicate a group of atoms that behave as a unit. It is easier for an ionic compound to create conductivity for electricity in a liquid form. 5.2 Bonding, structure and the properties of matter, 5.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances, 1.32 Explain why elements and compounds can be classified as: ionic, simple molecular (covalent), giant covalent, metallic, and how the structure and bonding of these types of substances results in different physical properties, including relative, C2.3f explain how the bulk properties of materials (ionic compounds; simple molecules; giant covalent structures; polymers and metals) are related to the different types of bonds they contain, their bond strengths in relation to intermolecular forces and. What ions are present in solution? The apparatus required for testing the conductivity of different substances when solid and molten. Figure 1b shows that if we replace the 0.10-M NaCl solution with a 0.05-M NaCl solution, the meter reading falls to about one-half its former value. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. Ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces since they are also called Ionic Compounds. Figure 11.2. The physical properties of a material are affected by the intermolecular forces holding the molecules together. What is the Significance of the Formula of a Substance? Like water, solid ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity by themselves. What is the Relationship Between Celsius and Kelvin Scale of Temperature? Halving the concentration of NaCl halves the number of ions between the electrodes, and half as many ions can only carry half as much electrical charge. Answer: Ionic compounds are electrically neutral because the positive ions and the negative ions in the compound cancel each other. One such characteristic property is the quantity of electrical current that a given concentration of a certain type of ion can carry. Zinc chloride melts at about 285 C, so heating needs to be fairly prolonged in comparison with the covalent solids. Molecular compounds, sometimes called. Some covalent substances behave as weak electrolytestheir solutions allow only a small current flow, but it is greater than that of the pure solvent. An electrolyte solution conducts electricity because of the movement of ions in the solution (see above). In the case of salt for example, sodium has a charge of positive one, and chloride has a charge of negative one. 5.1 Ionic and Molecular Compounds | Introductory Chemistry - Lumen Learning The dial on the meter indicates the quantity of current. The ions present in a typical ionic solid are immobilized in a crystalline lattice and so the solid is not able to support an electrical current. The common unit for charge is the Coulomb (#"C"#). 6: Gases, Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, SCC: CHEM 330 - Adventures in Chemistry (Alviar-Agnew), { "6.01:_Solids_Liquids_and_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "6.02:_Comparing_Ionic_and_Molecular_Substances" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "6.03:_Forces_between_Molecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "6.04:_Forces_in_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "6.05:_Gases-_The_Kinetic-Molecular_Theory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "6.06:_The_Simple_Gas_Laws" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "6.07:_The_Ideal_Gas_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "01:_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "02:_Atoms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "03:_Atomic_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "04:_Chemical_Bonds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "05:_Chemical_Accounting" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "06:_Gases_Liquids_Solids__and_Intermolecular_Forces" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "07:_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "08:_Oxidation_and_Reduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "09:_Organic_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "10:_Polymers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "11:_Nuclear_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "12:_Chemistry_of_Earth" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "13:_Air" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "14:_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "15:_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "16:_Biochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "17:_Food" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "18:_Drugs" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "19:_Fitness_and_Health" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "20:_Chemistry_Down_on_the_Farm" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "21:_Household_Chemicals" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "22:_Poisons" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.b__1]()" }, 6.2: Comparing Ionic and Molecular Substances, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "transcluded:yes", "source[1]-chem-152169" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FSacramento_City_College%2FSCC%253A_CHEM_330_-_Adventures_in_Chemistry_(Alviar-Agnew)%2F06%253A_Gases_Liquids_Solids__and_Intermolecular_Forces%2F6.02%253A_Comparing_Ionic_and_Molecular_Substances, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\). In chemistry we usually come across terms called ions, anions, cations, ionic compounds study of such compounds is a must to understand various concepts. Please rate this article: Why Do Aqueous Solution Conduct Electricity? The two parts of the compounds, the metal and the non-metal, are known as the cation and the anion, respectively . There are times when this ionic compound doesnt dissolve in water and will not able to create any electric charge. Kidadl is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising. Atoms are the smallest units of matter that still retain the fundamental chemical properties of an element. Answer 1: By definition, an atom is electrically neutral (i.e. When the solid dissolves, most of these molecules remain intact, but a few dissociate into ions according to the equation, \[ \underbrace{HgCl_2}_{99.8\%} \rightleftharpoons \underbrace{HgCl^+}_{0.2\%} + Cl^- \nonumber \]. Definition, Types, Examples. Ionic compounds | Definition, Properties, & Examples - Tutors.com This limits the movements of electrons which will make the compound in a state where it cant conduct any electricity alone. When in a liquid or aqueous state, Ionic compounds contain charged ions called anions and cations, and these particles make sure that the ions are free to move from place to place and eventually conduct electricity. The answer is quite simple and can be understood by focusing on the movements of electrons in a solution. Raise the electrodes from the crucible, and allow them to cool. A solution like 0.001 M Na2SO4 conducts about twice as well as 0.001 M NaCl partly because there are twice as many Na ions available to move when a battery is connected, but also because SO42 ions carry twice as much charge as Cl ions when moving at the same speed. Zinc chloride and potassium iodide are ionic. Some polar covalent compounds are also strong electrolytes. Ions are compounds that need to move around to generate electric atoms, which happens easily when the solution is melted. We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so its important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family. Some examples are oxygen, O2, ethanol, C2H5OH, and sugar, C12H22O11. Can you now classify all the compounds as being either ionic or covalent? Fe(NO3)3 is a strong electrolyte, thus it should completely dissociate into Fe3+ and \(\ce{(NO3- )}\) ions. Separation of Mixtures using Sublimation and Magnets. We also link to other websites, but are not responsible for their content. How to Separate a Mixture of a Solid and a Liquid? For a 100-M HgCl2 solution the meter reading shows only about 0.2 percent as much current as for 0.10 M NaCl. This happens once the solid has been melted. The common unit for charge is the Coulomb ( C ). If necessary lower the electrodes into the molten substance, before clamping them again. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. C2. Explain why ionic compounds are electrically neutral - Brainly.com Copper, Cu(s) see CLEAPSSHazcard HC026. Thus conductivity measurements confirm our statement that each ion exhibits its own characteristic properties in aqueous solutions, independent of the presence of other ions. Chemistry Chapter 7 - 38-43,48,51,54,57 Flashcards | Quizlet What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. Check your inbox for your latest news from us. Ionic compounds are (usually) formed when a metal reacts with a nonmetal (or a polyatomic ion). 3 Properties of materials Repeat steps 4 to 10 with some or all of the other solids. In general, covalent network substances do not conduct electricity. People often wonder exactly what happens in a solution to cause it to become charged. By using our site, you A second, slightly more subtle, conclusion can be drawn from the data in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). Molecules and compounds overview | Atomic structure (article) | Khan then why not take a look at, do you know? Select one of the metals, and by holding the electrodes in contact with it, find out whether or not it conducts electricity then switch the current off. Explain. Why Do Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity? Chemistry Facts - Kidadl When you buy through the links on our site we may earn a commission. It may be helpful to reserve a crucible for each of the powdered compounds, while having one or two others that can be heated. The physical state and properties of a particular compound depend in large part on the type of chemical bonding it displays. Covalent molecular compounds, in contrast, consist of discrete molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces and can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature and pressure. The experiments should be done in a well-ventilated laboratory. Ionic Compounds are also formed when two atoms have a large electronegativity difference due to which one atom attracts electrons more than the other resulting in loss of electrons and gain of electrons in atoms. Magnesium Oxide has higher melting and boiling points than sodium chloride. Do not use numerical prefixes in the name if there is more than one polyatomic ion; the only exception to this is if the name of the ion itself contains a . To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. When the ions are mobilized, either by melting the solid or dissolving it in water to dissociate the ions, current may flow and these forms of the ionic compound are conductive. Properties of ionic compounds - Ionic compounds - Edexcel - GCSE - BBC Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry, A series of activites, demonstrations and experiments exploring simple covalent molecules and hydrocarbons, Discover the properties of non-Newtonian fluids and how these could help you escape from quicksand, Use this resource to review monomers and polymers, Practical experiment where learners produce gold coins by electroplating a copper coin with zinc, includes follow-up worksheet. Potassium and Calcium Atomic Structure, Chemical Properties, Uses, Difference between Electrovalency and Covalency, Ionic Compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, Covalent Compounds are formed by sharing of electrons between atoms, Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds, Covalent bonds are weaker when compared to ionic bonds, The atoms that combine together to form Ionic Compounds are charged, The atoms that combine together to form Covalent Compounds are electrically neutral, Ionic Compounds are formed by atoms of different elements, Covalent Compounds are formed by atoms of the same or other elements, Ionic Compounds occur in solid-state at room temperature, Covalent Compounds mostly occur in solid, liquid and gaseous state, Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten or aqueous form, Covalent Compounds do not conduct electricity in any form, Ionic Compounds have high melting and boiling points, Covalent compounds have fewer melting and boiling points when compared to ionic compounds, Ionic compounds are crystalline in nature, They have high melting and boiling points, They are good conductors of electricity in molten and aqueous form.

Message To Someone Who Disrespects You, Traffic Laws Are In Place To Create, Cooling-off Period Law Car, Rothman Orthopedics Orlando, Maryland Repossession Laws, Articles E