[13] In a following study it was found that both phthalate diesters and their metabolic products were present in each of these compartments, suggesting that the toxicity in embryos and fetuses could be the result of a direct effect. Monograph on the Potential Human Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP). Vienna: R foundation for statistical computing. Figure 1 shows that DMP treatment resulted in transformation of the bacterial community structure. (2015) reported changes in the AWCD and diversity indices in atrazine-treated soil. The results showed that the operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) richness and bacterial diversity were reduced by DMP contamination. The reaction can be catalysed by a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid; various lewis acids may be used as an alterative, including complexes of titanium, zirconium or tin. Peck CC, Albro PW. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1985;46(11):643-647. For the general population, dietary sources have been considered as the major exposure route, followed by inhaling indoor air. Assessment of the bacterial community structure in a Brazilian clay soil treated with atrazine. Phthalate urinary metabolite levels in men evaluated at an infertility clinic were associated with several measures of sperm function and morphology (Duty et al., 2004; Hauser et al., 2007), but similar findings were not present in young Swedish men with comparable or higher median levels of urinary metabolites (Jonsson et al., 2005). 18, 309316. Environ. Relative potency of xenobiotic estrogens in an acute in vivo mammalian assay. Small amounts of diethyl phthalate can build up in animals that live in water, such as fish and oysters. Chemosphere 86, 759766. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00990.x, Jurasinski, G., Retzer, V., and Beierkuhnlein, C. (2009). Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbon-source utilization profiles: a critique. 445446, 101109. doi: 10.1016/S1671-2927(08)60027-9, Wang, Z., Deng, D. Y., and Yang, L. L. (2014). Biodeterior. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1993;64(8):555-560. Once it enters your body, it breaks down into other chemicals, some of which are harmful. Diethyl phthalate may enter the environment in industrial waste waters, by evaporation into the air from disposal sites, directly from consumer products, from the burning of plastic products, and by leaking from landfills into soil or water including groundwater. Environ Health Perspect 1982;45:19-25. This meant that the total metabolic activity was changed, and indirectly indicated that the soil microbial community was changed by DMP. [5], Little is known about the chronic toxicity of diethyl phthalate, but existing information suggests only a low toxic potential. Three pots were prepared for each microcosm sample. Ecol. Ecol. Int. Dimethyl Phthalate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Illumina-MiSeq sequencing provides an unprecedented power for the deep understanding of bacterial community composition and diversity based on 16S rRNA gene libraries (de Gannes et al., 2013; Peiffer et al., 2013). Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is an organic compound and phthalate ester. doi: 10.1139/m94-021, Dunlevy, S. R., Singleton, D. R., and Aitken, M. D. (2013). doi: 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00074-3, Sala, M. M., Pinhassi, J., and Gasol, J. M. (2006). The cumulative percentage dose excreted in 7 days was greatest for diethyl, dibutyl, and diisobutyl phthalate, about 50-60% of the applied (14)C; and intermediate (20-40%) for dimethyl, benzyl butyl, and dihexyl phthalate. Acetone was used as a cosolvent and was purchased from Traditional Chinese Medicine (Beijing, China). doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.138, Dharni, S., Srivastava, A. K., Samad, A., and Patra, D. D. (2014). The soil pH was measured using a pH meter after shaking the soil water suspension (1: 2.5 w/v) for 30 min. The dynamic changes of bacterial activity and functional diversity on the microbial communities generated from the five DMP treatments (CK, DMP1, DMP2, DMP3, and DMP4) on black soil microorganisms within 25 days incubation in the dark at 25C and 70% relative humidity. Many bacterial genera with higher relative percentages were identified in black soils, such as Azohydromonas (4.8919.22%), Sphingomonas (5.477.56%), Novosphingobium (2.805.76%), Massilia (1.574.13%), Arthrobacter (1.382.69%), Flavisolibacter (1.342.52%), Pseudomonas (0.944.41%), Altererythrobacter (1.032.99%), Flexibacter (1.001.77%), Sphingobium (0.611.60%), Adhaeribacter (0.701.35%), Gemmatimonas (0.901.25%), Devosia (0.851.37%), Thermomonas (0.791.29%), Pedobacter (0.541.24%), Modestobacter (0.541.07%), Microvirga (0.441.04%), Aeromicrobium (0.511.11%), Sphingopyxis (0.461.10%), and Methylotenera (0.201.66%). Effect of Sphingobium yanoikuyae B1 inoculation on bacterial community dynamics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in aged and freshly PAH-contaminated soils. 19, 12531261. The measured levels of diethyl phthalate in air, water, and soil are generally quite low. PCR reactions were performed in triplicate in a 20 L mixture containing 4 L of 5 FastPfu Buffer, 2 L of 2.5 mM dNTPs, 0.8 L of each primer (5 M), 0.4 L of Fast-Pfu polymerase, and 10 ng of template DNA. Proc. 131-11-3. Phthalic Acid, Bis-methyl Ester 1000 Microg/ml In N-hexane, 124. Evaluation of a recombinant yeast cell estrogen screening assay. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. However, diethyl phthalate does not alter sexual differentiation in male rats. ITC/USEPA; Information Review #214 (Draft) Alkyl Phthalates p.4 (1980). The extracted urine contained an equivalent of 1.96 mg phthalate/mL urine. Monitoring phthalate exposure in humans. Diethyl phthalate in plastic packaging may get into food and has been found in packaged food (quiche) at concentrations of about 25 ppm. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02051.x, Ladd, J. N., and Butler, J. H. A. 13, 4758. Impact of plant growth promoting Pseudomonas monteilii PsF84 and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida PsF610 on metal uptake and production of secondary metabolite (monoterpenes) by rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens cv. (1994). It is commonly used to make plastics more flexible. What recommendations has the federal government made to protect human health? Dimethyl phthalate Write a review 99% Synonym (s): DMP Linear Formula: C6H4-1,2- (CO2CH3)2 CAS Number: 131-11-3 Molecular Weight: 194.18 Beilstein: 1911460 EC Number: 205-011-6 MDL number: MFCD00008425 PubChem Substance ID: 24902040 NACRES: NA.21 Pricing and availability is not currently available. J. Biochem. DMP concentration varied from 0 to 40 mg/kg soil (CK, DMP1, DMP2, DMP3, and DMP4). Dimethyl Phthalate | C10H10O4 | CID 8554 - PubChem Additionally, it was observed that DMP treatments resulted in transformation of the microbial community (Figures 1, 2). For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for DIMETHYL PHTHALATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page. DIMETHYLPHTHALATE | Occupational Safety and Health Administration Because they are highly sensitive to changes in soil conditions, they have been used to assess soil quality in contaminated soils (Jusselme et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2014). 18, 14841490. Updated Tables, 2013. NOAA: CAMEO Chemicals - Dimethyl phthalate NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Dimethylphthalate Literature References ACGIH: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) - Dimethyl phthalate. 16. The dominant microbial diversities (D indices) were not significantly changed in DMP1 DMP2, and DMP3 compared to CK, but it was significantly reduced in DMP4 compared to CK throughout the incubation period (Figure 3C). DIMETHYL PHTHALATE reacts with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Phthalates in Cosmetics | FDA J. Appl. Infants may have relatively greater exposures from ingesting indoor dust containing some phthalates (Clark et al., 2003). The equations for the calculation of each index were (Bronwyn and Raymond, 1997) as follows: where pi is the proportion of the absorbance of each well to the sum of the absorbance of all wells. In settings where workers may be exposed to higher air phthalate concentrations than the general population, urinary metabolite and air phthalate concentrations are roughly correlated (Liss et al., 1985; Nielsen et al., 1985; Pan et al., 2006). The same amount of acetone solution was added to the control soils because the DMP solution was made by acetone. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Urine and feces were collected every 24 hr, and the amount of (14)C excreted was taken as an index of the percutaneous absorption. Substance Information - ECHA Environ. Many microorganisms are able to break down diethyl phthalate to carbon dioxide and other harmless products. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Hazard. They are used in veterinary medicines as plasticizers in film coating, at levels of 0.1% or below. The esters were applied directly to the epidermal membranes. Diethyl phthalate may also enter the environment by sticking onto dust particles. Diethyl phthalate is produced by the reaction of ethanol with phthalic anhydride, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst: It finds some use as a specialist plasticiser in PVC, it has also been used as a blender and fixative in perfume.[3]. The monoester metabolites are thought to mediate toxic effects for some of the phthalates, but there are known species-related differences in the hydrolysis of diester phthalates, efficiency of intestinal absorption, and extent of metabolite conjugation to glucuronide (Albro et al., 1982; Kessler et al., 2004; Rhodes et al., 1986). Azohydromonas and Microvirga are key players in the nitrogen cycle in soils (Coelho et al., 2008; Ardley, 2012; Yousuf et al., 2014), and the relative percentages of Azohydromonas increased along with the increase in DMP concentration. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.014, Liu, L., Li, T. Y., Wei, X. H., Jiang, B. K., and Fang, P. (2014b). Ingested phthalate diesters are initially hydrolyzed in the intestine to the corresponding monoesters, which are then absorbed (Albro et al., 1982; Albro and Lavenhar, 1989). It is possible that exposure could occur near hazardous waste sites, at manufacturing facilities, or through the use of consumer products containing the substance. Toxicological profile for di-n-butyl phthalate update [online]. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006;36:459-479. Each cluster was distinguished due to the different DMP treatment. You may be exposed to it in the environment by breathing, eating, or drinking substances containing the chemical or from skin contact with it. Total DNA from soils was extracted (0.5 g wet weight) with the E.Z.N.A. The analysis of -diversity demonstrated that DMP exerted a significant effect on the community diversity. DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. 277, 93101. They are extremely important for maintaining China's food security (Xu et al., 2010), because they contribute to about 14% of the total crop production and 40% of the total soybean yield in China. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.023. The developed intermediates of the transesterification or demethylation, ethyl methyl phthalate and dimethyl phthalate, enhance the toxic effect and are able to disrupt the membrane of microorganisms. scabicides, insecticides and repellents, P03BX - Other insecticides and repellents. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111744, Troxler, J., Svercel, M., Natsch, A., Zala, M., Keel, C., Monne-Loccoz, Y., et al. 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic Acid 1,2-dimethyl Ester, 111. Effects of DMP contamination on the enzyme activities from black soil microorganisms with 25 days incubation in the dark at 25C and 70% relative humidity. Although the total numbers of the major genera were not changed, but the relative percentages of the genera were altered by DMP contamination (Figure 1). FEMS Microbiol. profile for diethyl phthlate. The soils were incubated in the pots for 25 d in the dark at 25C 2C with 70 5% relative humidity. (2013). For example, diethyl phthalate has been measured at hazardous waste sites in the groundwater at 0.0125 parts of diethyl phthalate per million parts (ppm) of water, in surface water at 0.0121 ppm, and in soil at 0.039 ppm (on a weight basis, a part per million is equivalent to one unit of weight, such as one gram, of a chemical, in 1,000,000 grams of a medium, such as water or soil). Some birth defects occurred in newborn rats whose mothers received high doses (approximately 3 g/kg) of diethyl phthalate by injection during pregnancy. For the analysis of microbial functional diversity, the homogenized samples were analyzed by Biolog-ECO Plates. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.031, Masto, R. E., Chhonkar, P. K., Singh, D., and Patra, A. K. (2008). Isolation and characterization of a carbofuran-degrading strain Novosphingobium sp. The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. CAS No. Diethyl phthalate is also used in cosmetics, insecticides, and aspirin. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.05.022, Cartwright, C. D., Thompson, I. P., and Burns, R. G. (2000). Then, all samples were incubated in the air for 3 h to completely volatilize the acetone. Dimethyl Phthalate 131-11-3 Hazard Summary Dimethyl phthalate has many uses, including in solid rocket propellants, plastics, and insect repellants. doi: 10.1038/nrg3129, Kunin, V., Engelbrektson, A., Ochman, H., and Hugenholtz, P. (2010). Sci. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Mortensen GK, Main KM, Andersson A-M, Leffers H, Skakkebaek NE. In air, diethyl phthalate may break down into other products. When a chemical is released from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment as a chemical emission. Soils 50:735744. Fish taken from contaminated waters had up to about 2 ppm of diethyl phthalate in their tissues. The intravenous or parenteral exposure route can be important in patients undergoing medical procedures involving devices or materials containing phthalates. Environ. The results of this study basically correspond with the results obtained previously by Zhang et al. Other studies noted the presence of an extra rib in rat fetuses whose mothers were given very high dietary levels of diethyl phthalate, but this effect is not considered harmful by all scientists. Z., and Liao, G. T. (2008). J. 57, 30433045. People exposed to DMP will excrete mono-methyl phthalate (MMP) in their urine. [6] Studies suggest that some phthalates affect male reproductive development via inhibition of androgen biosynthesis. Nevertheless, stakeholders may have access to information that is not always made public. The differences on utilizing the carbon sources will reflect the changes on the soil microbial communities. Density Standard 1191 Kg/m3, H&d Fitzgerald Ltd. Quality, 121. 6:405. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00405. Toxic potential of the plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the context of its disposition and metabolism in primates and man. What is it? 133, 573580. Diethyl phthalate is not known to cause cancer in humans or animals. 68, 279282. If there is little organic matter in the soil, diethyl phthalate may move down through the soil and enter the groundwater. Impact of Cu and Zn pollution on rape growth and soil enzyme activity. Handy individual consumer size containers for DIY projects are leak resistant. Absorption maximized with diethyl phthalate and then decreased significantly as the alkyl side chain length increased. Average well color development (AWCD), which reflects microbial activities, was determined for each plate according to the method of Garland (1997) using the following equation: where Rit and R0t are the absorbency values of the sole carbon source i and the water blank at time t. The metabolic functional diversity of soil microbial community can be descripted by the Shannon index H, Simpson index D and evenness index E (McIntosh index) based on the absorbance reading at 72 h (Zhang et al., 2013). Protease activity was increased by DMP at the beginning, but decreased in higher DMP concentration (DMP3 and DMP4) later (Figure 5B). doi: 10.1007/s00442-008-1190-z, Jusselme, M. D., Miambi, E., Mora, P., Diouf, M., and Rouland-Lefvre, C. (2013). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 506507, 118125. Wrinkles in the rare biosphere: pyrosequencing errors can lead to artificial inflation of diversity estimates. Volume 6: A Review of the Literature Published during 1978 and 1979. Biochem. Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic Acid Dimethyl Ester, 116. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. The error bars indicate standard deviations (n = 3). Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences Unlike other phthalates such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diethyl phthalate does not appear to affect the ability of male animals to father babies (see ATSDR toxicological profile for di[2-ethylhexyl] phthalate for more information on this chemical). FEMS Microbiol. doi: 10.1007/s00374-013-0890-7, Kolton, M., Frenke, O., Elad, Y., and Cytryn, E. (2014). Human skin was less permeable than rat skin for all four diesters. doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12593, Zhang, H. F., Li, G., Song, X. L., Yang, D. L., Li, Y. J., Qiao, J., et al. Then, the flasks were sealed and incubated in a shaker for 30 min. The location for the sample collection was at the Harbin Xiangfang farm (4541N, 12645E) in the black soil zone.

Holy Paladin Judgement Wotlk, Outpatient Imaging Careers, Greenbrier Swimming Hole, Articles D